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In this study, niobium (Nb) doped TiO2 nanoparticles, synthesized via the solvothermal method, were utilized to fabricate TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), with E. conferta fruit extract serving as the photosensitizer and ethanol used as the solvent. The synthesized metal oxide semiconductor nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FESEM, BET, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical parameters, including open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor, were determined through J–V characterization. The influence of Nb doping on the efficiency of TiO2 based DSSCs was investigated, revealing an improvement in the light-harvesting efficiency of the cells. The results confirm that doping TiO2 nanoparticles is an effective strategy for enhancing the efficiency of solar cell applications.
