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Biosynthesis has attracted considerable attention as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for the production of metal oxide nanoparticles with potential biomedical applications. In the present study, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were subsequently incorporated into a chitosan matrix to fabricate Fe₃O₄/chitosan nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells were evaluated. The influence of mangosteen peel extract concentration (5% and 10% w/v) on nanoparticle formation and the effect of chitosan concentration (0.5%, 1%, and 2% w/v) on nanocomposite characteristics were systematically investigated. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption peak at approximately 294 nm, confirming Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle formation. Particle size analysis demonstrated that nanoparticles synthesized using 5% extract exhibited superior characteristics, with an average particle size of 254.65 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.1172. Following incorporation into chitosan, the optimum nanocomposite was obtained using 1% chitosan, exhibiting a particle size of 374.65 nm and a PDI value of 0.1686. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of Fe–O vibrations and interactions between Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and chitosan functional groups, while XRD patterns indicated predominantly amorphous structures with characteristic magnetite-related diffraction peaks. SEM–EDX analysis further verified successful nanocomposite formation through the detection of Fe, O, C, and N elements.
Cytotoxicity evaluation using the MTT assay demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation, reaching a maximum inhibition of 42.64 ± 7.72% at 400 μg/mL. Although the IC50 value was not achieved within the investigated concentration range, the synthesized nanocomposite exhibited measurable biological activity and favorable physicochemical properties. These findings suggest that Fe₃O₄/chitosan nanocomposites produced through mangosteen peel-mediated green synthesis possess potential as environmentally friendly magnetic biomaterials for future biomedical applications.
