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Description
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin-film solar cell absorber, but its low power conversion efficiency (PCE) remains a major challenge. In this study, Cu2(Zn(1-x)/Mn(x))SnS4 with X = 0, 0.25, 0.75, and 1, was synthesized via a solvothermal method to investigate the effects of Mn incorporation on its structural, optical, magnetic, and photovoltaic properties. XRD analysis confirmed successful Mn incorporation into the CZTS lattice, accompanied by lattice distortion and the formation of secondary phases at high Mn concentrations. SEM revealed reduced particle size at low Mn concentration and particle agglomeration at higher concentrations. Mn doping modified the optical properties by reducing the band gap and enhanced the magnetic response, with ferromagnetic behavior observed at x = 1. Photovoltaic measurements showed that Mn-doped CZTS produced higher voltage output than the undoped sample, while an external magnetic field further improved device performance by suppressing carrier recombination. However, excessive Mn incorporation promoted secondary-phase formation, resulting in reduced photovoltaic performance. These results demonstrate that controlled Mn doping is an effective approach to improve the multifunctional properties of CZTS, with low Mn concentrations providing the most favorable photovoltaic performance.
